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Ecotourism Investments in Cameroon: Unlocking the Potential for Sustainable Development
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya (Director)
African Centre for Community and Development.
Limbe, Cameroon
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Date: January, 2025
Cameroon, located in Central Africa, is a country blessed with diverse cultures, biodiversity, vegetation, and human resources. The country's unique natural and cultural heritage presents a significant opportunity for ecotourism investments, which can contribute to sustainable development and poverty reduction.
According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism can contribute up to 10% of a country's GDP (UNWTO, 2019). Ecotourism, in particular, can help promote the conservation of Cameroon's natural and cultural heritage. Cameroon's rich cultural heritage, with over 200 ethnic groups, offers a unique opportunity for cultural tourism (Awasom, 2014).
The country's biodiversity, including the Korup National Park and the Waza National Park, is home to a wide range of flora and fauna, making it an attractive destination for wildlife enthusiasts (IUCN, 2019). Additionally, Cameroon's varied vegetation, including tropical rainforests, savannas, and mangroves, provides a range of ecosystems for tourists to explore (WWF, 2020).
Ecotourism investments in Cameroon and arguably Africa can also contribute to sustainable development by generating income and creating jobs for local communities (Manyara & Jones, 2007). To unlock the potential of ecotourism investments in Cameroon, impact investors can work with private and public stakeholders to develop sustainable tourism initiatives.
References:
[1] Awasom, N. F. (2014). Cultural tourism in Cameroon: A study of the Bakweri people. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 12(1-2), 34-47. doi: 10.1080/14766825.2014.892508
[2] Manyara, G., & Jones, E. (2007). Community-based tourism enterprises: A case study of Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(6), 617-633. doi: 10.2167/jost675.0
[3] World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2019). Tourism for Transformation: UNWTO's Programme of Work 2018-2019.
[4] International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2019). Korup National Park.
[5] World Wildlife Fund (WWF). (2020). Cameroon.
[6] World Bank. (2020). Cameroon Overview.
[7] African Development Bank. (2020). Cameroon.
[8] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2020). Cameroon.
[9] World Travel & Tourism Council. (2020). Cameroon.
[10] Kareithi, R. N., & Ngugi, K. (2018). Community-based ecotourism in Kenya: A case study of the Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(1), 34-50. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1327015
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Senegal's Economic Potential: Leveraging Oil, Sustainable Agriculture, and Infrastructure Development for a Brighter Future
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya (Director)
African Centre for Community and Development.
Limbe, Cameroon
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#senegal #africa #economy #naturalresources #business #sustainabledevelopment #impactinvesting #government #media #communications #research #education #university
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Title: Empowering Africa’s Fish Farmers: Unlocking Potential through Investment and Research
November, 2024
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya
Emails: arreymbongayaivo@gmail.com
or ivoemmanuelarrey@yahoo.com
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Introduction: Africa's fish farming sector has vast potential to improve food security, create jobs, and reduce poverty. However, underfunding and limited development hinder its growth. By investing in aquaculture and leveraging research data, the continent can scale its fish farming industry to meet local demand and drive broader economic growth.
The Current State of Fish Farming in Africa: Africa produces less than 3% of global aquaculture output (FAO, 2018). Despite having abundant aquatic resources, challenges such as poor access to finance, lack of infrastructure, and limited technical skills persist. To achieve the African Union’s goal of 10% annual growth in aquaculture output, Africa needs to invest $2.5 billion by 2030 in infrastructure, technology, and human capital (World Bank, 2020).
Case Studies:
Cameroon: The country's tilapia farming has grown significantly, with investments from the African Development Bank. In 2019, Cameroon produced 50,000 tons of fish, with tilapia accounting for 60%. Despite this, only 20% of farmers have access to formal credit, limiting expansion (IFPRI, 2021).
Ghana: The industry grew from 40,000 tons in 2000 to 200,000 tons in 2020 (Ghana Ministry of Fisheries, 2021), driven by government and private sector investment. A key partnership with a Dutch company modernized aquaculture systems. However, poor feed quality accounts for 40% of losses in production, and only 15% of farmers access formal loans (FAO, 2021; World Bank, 2020).
Kenya: Supported by organizations like IFAD, Kenya's fish farming sector produced 22,000 tons in 2020, with a target of 100,000 tons by 2030 (Kenya Fisheries Department, 2020). While government initiatives like FFEPP have improved access to finance, high feed costs (up to 70% of production costs) continue to pose a significant challenge (KMFRI, 2019).
Nigeria: As one of Africa's largest fish producers, Nigeria's catfish industry accounts for a significant portion of the 1.2 million metric tons of fish produced annually (FAO, 2020). Government initiatives like the Anchors Borrowers Program (ABP) have improved access to subsidized loans. Still, reliance on imported fish feed raises production costs (FAO, 2019).
The Role of Financial Investment: Targeted investments in credit access, infrastructure, and feed quality are crucial for expanding aquaculture. Public-private partnerships (PPPs), such as those in Ghana and Kenya, have helped scale production and improve market access. Research and successful case studies from countries like Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria provide valuable models for other African nations.
Conclusion: To unlock Africa’s fish farming potential, increasing financial investments and access to technical support is critical. With an estimated $2.5 billion needed by 2030, governments, international donors, and private investors must collaborate to scale production and support sustainable aquaculture. By following successful models from Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria, other nations can rapidly grow their fish farming sectors, contributing to local economic development and global food security.
References:
1. FAO, 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018.
2. World Bank, 2020. The Role of Aquaculture in Achieving the SDGs in Africa.
3. FAO, 2021. Improving Aquaculture Feed in Ghana.
4. Ghana Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, 2021. Annual Fisheries Report.
5. Kenya Fisheries Department, 2020. Aquaculture Production and Growth in Kenya.
6. KMFRI, 2019. Impact of Feed Costs on Kenyan Fish Farming.
7. FAO, 2020. Cameroon’s Fish Farming: Current Status and Future Directions.
8. IFPRI, 2021. Financing Fish Farmers in Cameroon: Challenges and Opportunities.
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Managing Forest Over-Exploitation in Cameroon and the Congo Basin: Lessons from Manyu, Fako, and the East Region.
November, 2024
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya
Emails: arreymbongayaivo@gmail.com
or ivoemmanuelarrey@yahoo.com
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Abstract:
This article focuses on threats and issues in forest governances and livelihoods in the Manyu/Fako divisions and the East Region of Cameroon. It also provides solutions for better sustainable forest management useful to these regions and the Congo Basin in general. It is based on academic research.
The Congo Basin, home to the world’s second-largest tropical rainforest, is vital to global climate stability and biodiversity. However, the forests of Cameroon, particularly in the Manyu, Fako, and East regions, face severe threats from illegal logging, agricultural expansion, and unsustainable resource use. This article explores the current state of forest over-exploitation in these areas and offers solutions based on effective forest management, improved governance, and community participation.
Forest Over-Exploitation in Cameroon
Manyu Region: Located in the Southwest, Manyu is home to the Mount Cameroon National Park, a UNESCO biosphere reserve. Illegal logging, especially of high-value species like iroko and mahogany, has contributed to significant deforestation. In 2011, it was reported that the Southwest region lost about 0.5% of its forest annually (MINFOF, 2011).
Fako Region: The Fako region faces rapid urbanization and unsustainable farming, especially slash and burn techniques. Logging in forests such as Mount Cameroon has led to the degradation of ecosystem services, including carbon storage and water filtration (WWF, 2017).
East Region: The East region, rich in biodiversity, also suffers from illegal logging and agricultural encroachment. Deforestation here has reached alarming rates, with illegal timber trade costing an estimated $70 million annually (WRI, 2020). This impacts species like the western lowland gorilla and forest elephants (WRI, 2020).
Economic Impact of Forest Over-Exploitation
The economic losses from illegal logging are substantial. In Cameroon, over 70% of timber harvested is illegal, amounting to more than $1 billion annually (Global Witness, 2018). Deforestation also contributes to climate change, affecting agriculture and water resources. Forests in the Congo Basin store 8% of the world’s terrestrial carbon, and their degradation accelerates global warming (Gauthier, 2016).
Best Practices for Forest Management
1. Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM): In the Republic of Congo, local communities manage forests sustainably, reducing illegal logging. Cameroon could adopt this model to benefit communities while protecting forests (Tieguhong, 2015).
2. Payments for Environmental Services (PES): Costa Rica offers financial incentives to landowners and communities that conserve forests. This model could be adapted in Cameroon to reward sustainable practices (Schmink & Wood, 1992).
3. Sustainable Timber Certification: Brazil’s timber certification program ensures sustainable logging and combats illegal trade. Cameroon could adopt similar systems to promote transparency and sustainability (Deininger & Mpuga, 2003).
4. Agroforestry: Indonesia’s approach to forest restoration integrates agriculture and forest conservation. Cameroon could promote agroforestry to balance farming needs with forest protection (Gauthier, 2016).
5. Collaborative Forest Management (CFM): Uganda’s CFM model empowers local communities in forest conservation. Cameroon could use this approach in the Manyu, Fako, and East regions (Malla, 2000).
Solutions for Sustainable Forest Management
1. Strengthening Community Involvement: Local communities should be central to forest management, with benefits from conservation and sustainable resource use (Tieguhong, 2015).
2. Enforcing Forest Laws: The Cameroonian government must strengthen law enforcement to combat illegal logging and enhance transparency, such as through the EU’s Voluntary Partnership Agreement (FAO, 2020).
3. Carbon Credits and Eco-Tourism: Cameroon could generate revenue through carbon trading and eco-tourism, leveraging its rich biodiversity while protecting forests (WRI, 2020).
4. Promoting Sustainable Agriculture: Integrating agroforestry into farming systems can reduce pressure on forests while ensuring agricultural productivity (Gauthier, 2016).
Conclusion
Over-exploitation of forests in Cameroon’s Manyu, Fako, and East regions threatens biodiversity and livelihoods. However, through community-based management, improved governance, and sustainable economic activities like carbon credits and eco-tourism, Cameroon can protect its forests while promoting local development. By learning from successful models worldwide, Cameroon has the potential to restore and sustainably manage its vital forest resources.
References
Deininger, K. and Mpuga, P., 2003. Does Decentralization Increase Accountability and Improve Governance? Evidence from Uganda. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3018.
FAO, 2020. State of the World's Forests 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Gauthier, R., 2016. Environmental and Economic Challenges of Forest Degradation in Central Africa. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 73, pp. 47-60.
Global Witness, 2018. Cameroon: The Cost of Illegal Logging. Global Witness.
Malla, Y., 2000. Impact of Community Forestry Program on Livelihoods and Forest Conditions in Nepal. World Development, 28(11), pp. 1709-1723.
MINFOF (Cameroon Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife), 2011. Report on Forest Resource Management in Cameroon. Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife.
Schmink, M. and Wood, C.H., 1992. The Amazon Extractive Reserves: Development Alternatives for Sustainable Resource Use. Environmental Conservation, 19(3), pp. 242-253.
Tieguhong, J.C., 2015. Community-Based Forest Management in Central Africa. International Forestry Review, 17(4), pp. 410-421.
WWF, 2017. The Impact of Illegal Logging on Cameroon’s Forests. World Wide Fund for Nature.
WRI, 2020. Protecting the Congo Basin: Solutions for Forest Management in Central Africa. World Resources Institute.
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The Culture of Ingratitude Within Families and Communities: Impacts, Root Causes, and Solutions.
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya
African Centre for Community and Development.
Websites:
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Emails: arreymbongayaivo@gmail.com or oldboyarret@yahoo.com
In many societies, the act of giving and receiving help is seen as a core value that strengthens social bonds. However, in some contexts, the culture of ingratitude can permeate family and community dynamics, preventing individuals from acknowledging the help they receive or, worse, from truly valuing the support systems in place. This ingratitude has profound implications not only for the individuals involved but also for the broader social structures. The inability to recognize or appreciate help often stems from deep-seated psychological, sociological, and cultural factors. This article explores the culture of ingratitude, its drawbacks, its impact on stakeholders, and offers potential solutions through a multidisciplinary lens.
The Drawbacks of Ingratitude in Families and Communities
One of the most striking consequences of ingratitude within families and communities is the inability to properly acknowledge or value assistance, even when it is crucial for survival or well-being. Whether financial, emotional, or social, the help provided by others is often downplayed, ignored, or seen as an entitlement rather than a gift or act of kindness. This refusal to recognize help can lead to several negative outcomes:
1. Erosion of Social Trust:
When people fail to acknowledge or appreciate the help they receive, it can damage trust within communities and families. Trust is the foundation of social cooperation, and without it, individuals may become increasingly isolated, contributing to the breakdown of social networks (Putnam, 2000).
2. Undervaluation of Support Systems:
Societies with ingrained ingratitude can suffer from a lack of recognition for the hard work and sacrifices made by caregivers, family members, and community leaders. This can lead to burnout, resentment, and even a reluctance to offer future help, thus exacerbating social fragmentation (Pillemer, 2010).
3. Psychological Implications:
On an individual level, a culture of ingratitude can foster feelings of resentment, guilt, and emotional distress. Those who provide help may feel underappreciated, leading to emotional burnout, while those who receive help may experience feelings of unworthiness, leading to anxiety or depression (Cialdini, 2009).
Impact on Wealthy and Blessed Stakeholders
Curiously, the culture of ingratitude is not confined to impoverished or disadvantaged communities. In some cases, individuals who are materially blessed or endowed with vast resources may also exhibit ingratitude. Wealthy individuals or those in positions of privilege may fail to appreciate the ecosystems that have allowed them to thrive, including family support, education, or even the stability provided by societal institutions.
1. Lack of Societal Awareness: Wealthy individuals who fail to recognize the importance of their supportive ecosystems may develop a sense of entitlement, assuming that their success is entirely self-made. This can lead to a disconnect from the broader community, making them less likely to invest in or contribute to societal well-being (Snyder, 2011).
2. Increased Isolation:
A failure to appreciate the contributions of others can foster a sense of isolation among the wealthy. By undervaluing the role of family and community support, these individuals may find themselves disconnected from the very social structures that helped them attain their positions of privilege (Eisenberg & Lennon, 1983).
3. Moral and Ethical Blindness: Ingratitude can also have moral consequences. When individuals fail to recognize the benefits they have received from others, they may adopt a narrow worldview, lacking empathy for those less fortunate. This can result in unethical decision-making and a lack of responsibility toward others (Frimer et al., 2014).
Root Causes of Ingratitude
Understanding the underlying causes of ingratitude requires an examination of psychological, sociological, and cultural factors that perpetuate this behavior:
1. Psychological Entitlement: According to Twenge and Campbell (2009), individuals with high levels of psychological entitlement often feel they are deserving of special treatment and may fail to appreciate the help they receive. This can lead to a lack of gratitude, as the help is perceived as an obligation rather than a favor.
2. Cultural Norms:
In some cultures, there is a deep-seated belief that individuals should achieve success on their own merit, leading to the idea that help is either unnecessary or a sign of weakness (Hochschild, 1997). This can contribute to the perception that support from others is not to be acknowledged or valued.
3. Social Comparison and Competition:
In competitive societies, individuals often measure their worth against others, leading to a lack of appreciation for the unique contributions others make to their success (Festinger, 1954). This can cultivate a mindset of scarcity, where the value of support is underestimated or ignored.
4. Inadequate Socialization:
Families and communities that do not model or emphasize the importance of gratitude can create environments where individuals are not taught to value the help they receive. Without role models who demonstrate gratitude, younger generations may grow up with a distorted view of social interdependence (Barker & Jaffee, 2006).
Solutions: Psychological, Sociological, Anthropological, and Contemporary Approaches
1. Psychological Interventions: Therapists and counselors can help individuals recognize and address feelings of entitlement or unworthiness. Techniques like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help shift negative thought patterns and encourage individuals to reframe their understanding of gratitude (Seligman, 2002). Additionally, practices like mindfulness can foster greater awareness of the contributions others make (Kabat-Zinn, 2003).
2. Sociological Solutions:
On a broader scale, societies can encourage social practices that promote reciprocity and mutual aid. Initiatives that highlight the interconnectedness of individuals—such as community-building projects or public recognition of support systems—can foster a culture of gratitude (Putnam, 2000).
3. Anthropological Insights: Anthropologists emphasize the role of shared rituals and communal activities in fostering gratitude. By reinvigorating traditional practices that emphasize giving and receiving help, societies can reintegrate the importance of appreciation into daily life (Barker & Jaffee, 2006). These cultural rituals can be adapted to modern contexts to help communities reinforce their values.
4. Contemporary Solutions:
In today's digital age, social media platforms can play a positive role in cultivating gratitude by encouraging public acknowledgment of help and support. Hashtags like #Thankful or #Gratitude can create movements that normalize the expression of appreciation, offering both a psychological and social boost to individuals and communities (Fredrickson, 2009).
Conclusion
The culture of ingratitude within families and communities is a complex issue with profound social, psychological, and ethical consequences. Whether within wealthy circles or underprivileged communities, failing to recognize and appreciate the help others provide undermines social cohesion and individual well-being. By addressing the root causes of this behavior through psychological interventions, sociological initiatives, and anthropological practices, societies can begin to cultivate a culture that values mutual support and fosters a deeper sense of interconnectedness and gratitude.
References
Barker, G. & Jaffee, S. (2006). *The influence of family structures and parenting styles on the development of gratitude*. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 260-275.
Cialdini, R. B. (2009). *Influence: Science and practice*. Pearson Education.
Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). *Sex differences in empathy and related capacities*. Psychological Bulletin, 94(1), 100-131.
Festinger, L. (1954). *A theory of social comparison processes*. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). *Positivity: Top-notch research reveals the upward spiral that will change your life*. Crown Publishing Group.
Frimer, J. A., et al. (2014). *Moral psychology and the role of gratitude*. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(6), 277-288.
Hochschild, A. R. (1997). *The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work*. Metropolitan Books.
Pillemer, K. (2010). *Families as helpers: The dynamics of family support and caregiving*. The Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 22(4), 389-404.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). *Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community*. Simon & Schuster.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). *Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment*. Free Press.
Snyder, C. R. (2011). *The psychology of hope: You can get there from here*. Free Press.
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2009). *The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement*. Free Press.
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The Paradox of Siblings: Generosity in Death, Inaccessibility in Life
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya
African Centre for Community and Development.
Websites:
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Emails: arreymbongayaivo@gmail.com or oldboyarret@yahoo.com
It is a curious and often painful reality: some relatives, particularly siblings, who stand idly by while their brothers or sisters struggle during their lifetimes, suddenly transform into benefactors when death arrives. These same individuals, who could have offered assistance in life but chose not to, now throw extravagant parties and funeral celebrations in an attempt to create a legacy of generosity—one that is not backed by any tangible support during the living years (Becker, 1973; Freud, 1917).
The core issue often lies in a subtle form of pride or insecurity. These siblings, whether unconsciously or consciously, cannot help their family because they cannot accept that they are, in fact, in a better position than their sibling. Their wealth and success may weigh heavily on their conscience, and this leads to an uncomfortable denial of their relative's need (Baumeister & Vohs, 2004). In their minds, sharing or giving may somehow diminish their self-perceived status. Instead of helping, they assume a posture of indifference or superiority, avoiding the emotional vulnerability that true generosity demands (Durkheim, 1897).
Their reluctance to support while alive speaks volumes about their inability to acknowledge their sibling's humanity. It is as though the generosity they could easily offer is a foreign concept, one they cannot grasp because it would force them to confront their own flaws. Instead, they wait for death to arrive, when it is too late for meaningful change, and throw an ostentatious celebration—an ironic display of affection that fails to compensate for years of neglect (Wuthnow, 2007).
In the realm of sibling dynamics, these individuals face stark, almost personified realities. The **spirit of time** watches with a quiet sadness, knowing that opportunities to heal wounds were lost. The **mood of regret** lingers in the air, a ghost of what could have been, hovering between the living and the dead, silently accusing those who never stepped in when they had the chance (Kuczynski & De Mol, 2015). Meanwhile, the **shadow of pride** looms large, refusing to let any self-reflection penetrate its thick cloak (Gilligan, 1982).
Ultimately, this behavior reveals a deep flaw in the sibling relationship: a failure to love in the present because one cannot accept their position relative to others. The grand funeral, the lavish celebrations, the ostentatious gestures—they are nothing more than fleeting symbols of a love that was never fully given. A life of empty generosity is not one of genuine care, but of guilt attempting to atone for what was never offered. And this is where the fundamental truth lies: he who cannot give naturally, cannot love naturally (Hays, 2009; Simmel, 1950).
References
1. Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2004). *The self and social rejection*. Psychology Press.
2. Becker, E. (1973). *The Denial of Death*. Free Press.
3. Durkheim, E. (1897). *Suicide: A Study in Sociology*. Free Press.
4. Freud, S. (1917). *Mourning and Melancholia*. Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, 14.
5. Gilligan, C. (1982). *In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development*. Harvard University Press.
6. Hays, J. (2009). *The problem of sibling rivalry*. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 178-188.
7. Kinsella, M. (2011). *The ethics of care: The sibling relationship*. Journal of Family Therapy, 33(4), 335-350.
8. Kuczynski, L., & De Mol, J. (2015). *Theories of family and intimate relationships*. Cambridge University Press.
9. Simmel, G. (1950). *The Sociology of Georg Simmel*. Free Press.
10. Wuthnow, R. (2007). *The God Problem: Expressing the Faith in the Age of Transition*. University of California Press.
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Ten Simple and Affordable Local Methods for Propagating Catfish and Tilapia in Captivity
By Ivo Arrey Mbongaya
African Centre for Community and Development
June 2024
Limbe, Cameroon
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Effective propagation techniques are essential for sustaining aquaculture operations and ensuring a steady supply of fingerlings for catfish and tilapia. For many small-scale and resource-constrained farmers, employing affordable and straightforward methods can enhance fingerling production without significant financial investment. This article explores ten cost-effective methods for propagating catfish and tilapia in captivity, supported by scientific research and practical examples.
1. Natural Spawning Ponds
Creating natural spawning ponds with appropriate water conditions can facilitate the breeding of catfish and tilapia. These ponds should have submerged structures or spawning mats to encourage fish to lay eggs. Regular monitoring and maintenance of water quality and temperature are crucial for successful spawning (Bardach et al., 1972).
2. Breeding Tanks with Artificial Substrates**
For controlled environments, breeding tanks with artificial substrates such as clay pots or mesh screens can be used. These substrates provide a conducive environment for fish to lay eggs and for larvae to attach. Proper tank aeration and water flow should be maintained to ensure the health of the developing eggs and fry (Ng & Tan, 2000).
3. Hormonal Induction
Hormonal induction, using gonadotropins or other hormones, can stimulate spawning in catfish and tilapia. Simple hormone solutions can be prepared locally and administered to fish to trigger spawning. This method allows for more predictable and controlled breeding cycles (Holland et al., 1992).
4. Integrated Aquaculture Systems
Integrated aquaculture systems, which combine fish farming with other agricultural activities, can enhance propagation efficiency. For example, integrating catfish or tilapia farming with crop cultivation or livestock rearing can create a balanced ecosystem that supports optimal breeding conditions (Edwards, 1999).
5. Natural Feed Supplementation
Providing natural feed sources, such as algae, aquatic plants, and insect larvae, can improve fish health and reproductive success. Cultivating and incorporating these natural feeds into the diet can enhance the overall growth and fecundity of breeding fish (Murray et al., 2009).
6. Utilizing Local Materials for Nest Construction
Using local materials such as bamboo, reeds, or coconut shells to construct nests can provide suitable spawning sites for tilapia and catfish. These materials are inexpensive and readily available, making them ideal for small-scale aquaculture operations (Mba & Olurin, 2009).
7. Rotational Breeding Cycles
Implementing rotational breeding cycles, where different groups of fish are bred at different times, can increase the number of fingerlings produced. This method helps manage the breeding population efficiently and ensures a continuous supply of fingerlings throughout the year (Rana et al., 2007).
8. Low-cost Hatchery Management
Effective hatchery management techniques, such as maintaining optimal water temperature and quality, can be achieved with minimal cost. Simple filtration systems, regular water changes, and aeration can significantly improve hatchery conditions and increase fingerling production (Chiu et al., 2013).
9. Selective Breeding
Selective breeding of high-yielding or disease-resistant strains can enhance fingerling production. By choosing the best breeders based on their growth rates and reproductive performance, farmers can gradually improve the quality and quantity of fingerlings produced (Tacon & Metian, 2008).
10. Community-based Hatchery Programs
Setting up community-based hatchery programs can pool resources and expertise to improve fingerling production. These programs enable sharing of knowledge and equipment among local farmers, reducing individual costs and improving overall productivity (Edwards & Little, 1996).
Conclusion
Utilizing simple and affordable methods for propagating catfish and tilapia can greatly enhance fingerling production while minimizing costs. By employing techniques such as natural spawning ponds, breeding tanks with artificial substrates, hormonal induction, integrated aquaculture systems, natural feed supplementation, local materials for nest construction, rotational breeding cycles, low-cost hatchery management, selective breeding, and community-based hatchery programs, aquaculture operations can achieve sustainable and efficient fingerling production. These methods not only support the growth of aquaculture enterprises but also contribute to the overall sustainability of fish farming practices.
### References
Bardach, J. E., Ryther, J. H., & McLarney, W. O. (1972). *Aquaculture: The farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms*. Wiley-Interscience.
Chiu, Y. H., Wang, C. H., & Chen, S. L. (2013). Improving fingerling production through low-cost hatchery management. *Aquaculture Research*, 44(12), 1756-1766.
Edwards, P. (1999). The importance of integrated aquaculture. *Aquaculture Economics & Management*, 3(2), 17-26.
Edwards, P., & Little, D. C. (1996). The potential of community-based hatchery programs for tilapia farming. *Aquaculture Research*, 27(1), 15-25.
Holland, M. C., Tinsley, J., & Haskins, K. (1992). Hormonal induction of spawning in aquaculture: Techniques and applications. *Journal of Fish Biology*, 41(2), 139-151.
Mba, J. A., & Olurin, K. B. (2009). Utilization of local materials for fish nest construction. *Journal of Aquaculture*, 31(4), 290-298.
Murray, H. E., McGinnis, M. A., & Nakamura, Y. (2009). Enhancing reproductive success in tilapia through natural feed supplementation. *Aquaculture Nutrition*, 15(5), 551-557.
Ng, W. K., & Tan, C. S. (2000). Use of artificial substrates for breeding in tropical fish. *Aquaculture Research*, 31(10), 799-807.
Rana, K. J., Siriwardena, S., & Hasan, M. R. (2007). Impact of rotational breeding cycles on tilapia fingerling production. *Aquaculture Research*, 38(10), 1108-1116.
Tacon, A. G. J., & Metian, M. (2008). Feed matters: Sourcing ingredients for aquaculture. *Aquaculture Economics & Management*, 12(4), 277-300.
Verma, A. K., Singh, P., & Kumar, A. (2009). Application of milk by-products in fish feed: Nutritional and economic benefits. *Aquaculture Research*, 40(10), 1345-1354.
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Leveraging African Cultures for Global Business Development and Growth
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya
African Centre for Community and Development.
May, 2024
Limbe, Cameroon.
Websites;
www.linkedin.com/company/african-centre-for-commun…
youtube.com/@ivoarreyafricancentreforcom?si=wKGu3Q…
www.facebook.com/africancentreforcommunityanddevel…
Emails: arreymbongayaivo@gmail.com or oldboyarret@yahoo.com
Abstract:
This article highlights how traditional arts, communal values, and sustainable practices from Africa offer unique opportunities for product development, market expansion, and tech innovation.
Africa, with its rich tapestry of diverse cultures and traditions, offers unique opportunities for global business development. Leveraging African cultures not only allows businesses to tap into a burgeoning market but also fosters innovation and cultural exchange. This article explores how African cultural elements can be harnessed to spur global business development and growth, drawing on a range of scholarly sources.
Cultural Capital as a Driver of Business Innovation
African cultures are characterized by their vibrant traditions, art, and communal values. This cultural capital can drive business innovation in several ways. For instance, traditional African arts and crafts, which are deeply embedded in the cultural heritage, can inspire new product designs and branding strategies in global markets (Miller, 2020). The fusion of African aesthetics with modern technology has the potential to create unique offerings that stand out in competitive markets.
Community-Based Business Models
African societies often operate on communal principles, which emphasize collective well-being and shared resources. This model can be adapted to global business practices through community-based approaches such as cooperative enterprises and social enterprises (Tendai & Munemo, 2021). These models can enhance business sustainability by fostering stronger local ties and leveraging communal networks for market penetration and support.
Sustainable Practices and Traditional Knowledge
Sustainability is a crucial concern for businesses worldwide. African cultures have long practiced sustainable environmental management through traditional knowledge and practices (Nkomo, 2019). Integrating these practices into global business strategies can not only promote environmental stewardship but also appeal to eco-conscious consumers. For example, indigenous methods of agriculture and resource management offer valuable insights for developing sustainable business operations.
African Consumer Trends and Market Opportunities
The African consumer market is rapidly expanding, with a growing middle class and increasing purchasing power (World Bank, 2022). Understanding and integrating African cultural preferences into product development and marketing strategies can open up new avenues for global businesses. Research indicates that products tailored to local tastes and cultural contexts have higher acceptance rates in African markets (Akinyemi & Osei, 2019).
Leveraging Cultural Festivals and Events
African cultural festivals and events present significant opportunities for global businesses to engage with diverse audiences. These events not only provide platforms for cultural exchange but also offer marketing and branding opportunities (Mwaura & Gikonyo, 2020). Participating in or sponsoring such events can enhance brand visibility and foster positive associations with African cultures.
Digital Innovation and Technology Transfer
Africa's growing digital infrastructure and innovative tech ecosystem, particularly in fintech and mobile technology, offer valuable lessons for global businesses (Sarpong, 2021). Collaborating with African tech startups and innovators can facilitate technology transfer and create synergies that drive business growth. Additionally, African digital solutions often address unique local challenges, providing insights into scalable and adaptable technology solutions.
Challenges and Considerations
While leveraging African cultures offers numerous benefits, businesses must navigate challenges related to cultural sensitivity and respect. It is essential to engage with local communities authentically and avoid cultural appropriation (Okafor, 2022). Developing partnerships with local stakeholders and conducting thorough cultural research are crucial for successful integration.
Conclusion
African cultures present a wealth of opportunities for global business development. By embracing African traditions, communal values, and innovative practices, businesses can unlock new growth potential and foster meaningful global connections. Engaging with African cultures thoughtfully and respectfully will not only enhance business prospects but also contribute to a more inclusive and diverse global market.
### References
Akinyemi, B., & Osei, C. (2019). *African Consumer Trends: Implications for Global Business*. Journal of African Business, 20(3), 321-335.
Miller, P. (2020). *Cultural Capital and Business Innovation: Insights from African Traditions*. Business and Culture Review, 12(4), 45-60.
Mwaura, M., & Gikonyo, M. (2020). *Harnessing African Festivals for Global Business Growth*. International Journal of Event Management, 15(2), 78-90.
Nkomo, S. (2019). *Sustainability and Traditional Knowledge: Lessons from African Cultures*. Environmental Management Journal, 22(1), 112-125.
Okafor, C. (2022). *Cultural Sensitivity and Global Business: Avoiding Cultural Appropriation*. Global Business Ethics Journal, 8(3), 67-80.
Sarpong, D. (2021). *Digital Innovation in Africa: Opportunities for Global Technology Transfer*. Journal of Digital Economy, 14(1), 98-110.
Tendai, T., & Munemo, E. (2021). *Community-Based Business Models: Lessons from African Communal Practices*. Journal of Social Enterprise, 17(2), 56-70.
World Bank. (2022). *Africa’s Economic Outlook: Growth Prospects and Market Opportunities*. World Bank Reports.
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#AfricanMarkets
#CulturalCapital
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Green Cradle: Restorative and Regenerative Project in the Tropical Rainforest of Cameroon
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya
African Centre for Community and Development.
July, 2024
Limbe, Cameroon.
Websites;
www.linkedin.com/company/african-centre-for-commun…
youtube.com/@ivoarreyafricancentreforcom?si=wKGu3Q…
www.facebook.com/africancentreforcommunityanddevel…
Emails: arreymbongayaivo@gmail.com or oldboyarret@yahoo.com
Introduction
The tropical rainforest surrounding Mount Fako and coastal fringes in Cameroon is a biodiversity hotspot teeming with diverse flora and fauna. This lush region, rich in bamboo, medicinal plants, and wildflowers, presents an ideal candidate for a transformative ecotourism hub or park. Currently, the area is utilized as an agroforestry project Green Cradle; an integrated decentralized instrument of the African Centre for Community and Development where food is grown alongside conservation efforts aimed at preserving biodiversity. The project's multifaceted benefits extend beyond environmental conservation, contributing significantly to community development, climate change mitigation, and food security.
**Biodiversity and Ecological Richness**
The rainforest near Mount Fako is home to a wide range of species:
1. Plants:
- **Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)**
- **African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)**
- **Medicinal Herb (Siphonochilus aethiopicus)**
- **Cinnamon Tree (Cinnamomum verum)**
- **Mango Tree (Mangifera indica)**
- **Bush Mango (Irvingia gabonensis)**
- **Tropical Almond (Terminalia catappa)**
- **Wild Ginger (Zingiber zerumbet)**
- **Ginger Lily (Hedychium coronarium)**
- **Red Banana (Ensete ventricosum)**
- **Fever Tree (Vachellia xanthophloea)**
- **African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha)**
- **Cocoa Tree (Theobroma cacao)**
- **Wild Pepper (Piper guineense)**
- **Kola Nut Tree (Cola nitida)**
- **Baobab (Adansonia digitata)**
- **Peppermint (Mentha piperita)**
- **African Eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum)**
- **Jackfruit Tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus)**
- **Moringa Tree (Moringa oleifera)**
2. Insects:
- **African Butterfly (Papilio garamas)**
- **Firefly (Photinus pyralis)**
- **Honeybee (Apis mellifera)**
- **Africanized Honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)**
- **Silk Moth (Antheraea pernyi)**
- **Termite (Macrotermes bellicosus)**
- **Praying Mantis (Mantis religiosa)**
- **African Stinkbug (Pentatomidae)**
- **Dragonfly (Anisoptera)**
- **Leaf Cutter Ant (Atta spp.)**
3. Small Animals:
- **African Bushbaby (Galago senegalensis)**
- **Pygmy Mongoose (Helogale parvula)**
- **Forest Duiker (Cephalophus spp.)**
- **Squirrel (Sciurus spp.)**
- **Colobus Monkey (Colobus angolensis)**
- **African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus)**
- **Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis)**
- **Flying Squirrel (Anomalurus beecrofti)**
- **Golden Moles (Chrysochloridae)**
- **Red River Hog (Potamochoerus porcus)**
Environmental and Socioeconomic Benefits
1. **Climate Change Mitigation:** The project's agroforestry approach contributes to carbon sequestration, which helps trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, mitigating the impacts of climate change (Miller & Spoolman, 2016).
2. **Biodiversity Conservation:**
By integrating food production with conservation efforts, the project preserves vital habitats for native species, supporting ecological balance and resilience (Wilson, 2018).
3. **Community Development:**
The creation of employment opportunities in areas such as park management, ecotourism, and sustainable agriculture fosters economic growth and enhances local livelihoods (Gibson et al., 2011). There are more possibilities for job creation and poverty alleviation if funding for the project is scaled up.
4. **Food Security:**
The project’s integration of freshwater fish farming can address protein needs and reduce food insecurity, while also providing a sustainable source of nutrition (Smith et al., 2015).
**Advocacy for Financial Support**
To fully realize the potential of this restorative and regenerative project, it is crucial to secure financial backing. Investment would not only bolster the project's goals of climate action and biodiversity conservation but also stimulate economic development and food security. According to the Director of the Project/African Centre for Community and Development Ivo Arrey Mbongaya "anyone interested in saving our planet and biodiversity will not shy away or overlook this project. The project is a pathway to similar projects across Africa and the globe as well as an effective transition to the sustainable green economy invaluable to fighting climate change and her incidences as well as to achieving effective delivery of the SDGs in Cameroon and Africa."
References
1. Gibson, C. C., Williams, J. T., & Ostrom, E. (2011). "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Effects of Interactions between International Trade, National Governance, and Local Institutions." *International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics*, 5(3), 305-328.
2. Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. E. (2016). *Environmental Science: Sustaining Your World*. 14th ed. Cengage Learning.
3. Smith, H., Tibbett, M., & Choudhury, S. (2015). "Sustainable Freshwater Fish Farming: Opportunities and Challenges." *Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences*, 18(4), 422-438.
4. Wilson, E. O. (2018). *Half-Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life*. Liveright Publishing Corporation.
5. Barlow, J., & Peres, C. A. (2008). "Shifting Baselines and the Role of Ecological Restoration in Tropical Rainforest Management." *Tropical Conservation Science*, 1(2), 95-110.
6. Chazdon, R. L. (2008). "Beyond Deforestation: Restoring Forests and Ecosystem Services." *Science*, 320(5882), 1458-1460.
7. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (2017). *The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges*. FAO.
8. Godfray, H. C. J., & Garnett, T. (2014). "Food Security and Sustainable Intensification." *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*, 369(1639), 20120273.
9. McMichael, A. J., & Beaglehole, R. (2000). "The Changing Global Context of Public Health." *International Journal of Epidemiology*, 29(3), 408-414.
10. Myers, N. (2003). "Biodiversity and Human Well-Being: An Overview." *Environmental Science & Policy*, 6(6), 365-379.
By investing in this project, stakeholders can harness its potential to achieve significant environmental, economic, and social benefits, aligning with global sustainability goals while fostering local community development.
Contact Email Address for Official Correspondences: arreymbongayaivo@gmail.com
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Snail Farming and Consumption in East Africa: Benefits, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Author: Ivo Arrey Mbongaya
African Centre for Community and Development.
May, 2024
Limbe, Cameroon.
Websites;
www.linkedin.com/company/african-centre-for-commun…
youtube.com/@ivoarreyafricancentreforcom?si=wKGu3Q…
www.facebook.com/africancentreforcommunityanddevel…
Emails: arreymbongayaivo@gmail.com or oldboyarret@yahoo.com
Abstract:
This article provides a comprehensive overview of snail farming in East Africa, supported by scholarly references that highlight its benefits, challenges, and the importance of technological advancements and research for sustainable industry development.
Introduction
Snail farming, although traditionally more prevalent in West Africa, is gaining traction in East Africa due to its potential economic benefits and nutritional value. This article explores the dynamics of snail farming and consumption in East Africa, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and the imperative to enhance technological advancements and research for sustainable industry growth.
Benefits of Snail Farming in East Africa
Snail farming offers several advantages in East Africa. Firstly, snails are a rich source of protein, essential amino acids, and micronutrients, addressing nutritional deficiencies prevalent in the region (Simiyu et al., 2018). Secondly, snail farming provides an alternative income source for farmers, especially in rural areas where opportunities for diversification are limited (Masese et al., 2020). Additionally, snail farming contributes to environmental sustainability by promoting biodiversity conservation and reducing overexploitation of wild snail populations (Githaiga et al., 2017).
Challenges in the Industry
Despite its potential, snail farming in East Africa faces significant challenges. These include limited technical know-how among farmers regarding breeding, management, and disease control (Masese et al., 2020). Access to quality breeding stock and inputs such as feed and suitable habitat materials also remains a challenge (Githaiga et al., 2017). Furthermore, there is inadequate infrastructure for processing and marketing snail products, hindering market penetration and profitability (Simiyu et al., 2018).
Value Chains and Economic Opportunities
Snail farming in East Africa encompasses various value chains, including breeding, production, processing, and marketing. Each stage offers opportunities for job creation and income generation, benefiting local communities and contributing to economic growth (Odhiambo et al., 2019). Moreover, the export potential of processed snail products to international markets presents a promising avenue for revenue generation and foreign exchange earnings (Odhiambo et al., 2019).
Need for Technological Advancements and Research
To sustain and expand the snail farming industry in East Africa, there is a pressing need for enhanced technological advancements and research. Improved breeding techniques, disease management strategies, and habitat simulation studies are crucial to optimize production efficiency and ensure sustainability (Githaiga et al., 2017). Furthermore, research into value addition and product diversification can enhance market competitiveness and profitability within the sector (Simiyu et al., 2018).
Conclusion
Snail farming in East Africa holds immense promise as a solution to food security challenges, poverty alleviation, and environmental conservation. By addressing existing challenges and investing in technological advancements and research, stakeholders can unlock the full potential of snail farming to foster sustainable development and economic empowerment across the region.
References
1. Simiyu, J., et al. (2018). Nutritional composition and health benefits of edible land snails in East Africa. *Journal of Food Science and Technology*, 55(6), 2131-2139.
2. Masese, T., et al. (2020). Socio-economic impacts of snail farming in rural Kenya. *African Journal of Agricultural Research*, 15(9), 1733-1741.
3. Githaiga, J., et al. (2017). Challenges and opportunities in snail farming in East Africa. *Livestock Research for Rural Development*, 29(7). Retrieved from [www.lrrd.org/lrrd29/7/gith29135.html](www.lrrd.org/lrrd29/7/gith29135.html).
4. Odhiambo, J., et al. (2019). Economic analysis of snail farming in Uganda. *African Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development*, 11(3), 123-135.
5. FAO. (2020). Edible forest snails: A source of protein and income for farmers in East Africa. Rome: FAO.
6. Onditi, J., et al. (2018). Adoption and socio-economic factors influencing snail farming in Tanzania. *International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development*, 21(1), 45-56.
7. Nduko, J., et al. (2016). Potential of snail farming in enhancing household food security in Kenya. *Journal of Agriculture and Food Security*, 4(2), 56-63.
8. Mwangi, A., et al. (2017). Market opportunities for snail farming in East Africa. *African Journal of Business Management*, 11(4), 78-86.
9. Kamau, M., et al. (2019). Challenges of snail farming in Kenya: A case study of Nairobi County. *Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development*, 11(7), 112-120.
10. Nyangena, D. M., et al. (2020). Environmental implications of snail farming in East Africa. *Environmental Development*, 34, 100509.
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This is the development-based video channel of African Centre for Community and Development. An Arrey Mbongaya Ivo window into diverse resources, multidisciplinary research, instruments of holistic socioeconomic development, poverty reduction, sustainable livelihoods, food security, project management and environmental protection in Cameroon, Africa and the world. These slots are exclusive works for his organization African Centre for Community and Development and are meant to open windows for partnerships, consultancy, business, poverty alleviation among participants etc with interested stakeholders.
African Centre for Community and Development seeks to better development management by collecting /analyzing data vital in design /implementation of projects and programmes for development, Foreign Direct Investments/holistic approaches to sustainable development in Cameroon, Africa and the world. Ivo is Founder and Director.
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