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Vitamin C: From Ingestion to Excretion and Its Main Actions

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a vital nutrient that plays numerous roles in the human body. It is water-soluble, meaning it can dissolve in water, and is found in various fruits and vegetables, notably citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, and leafy vegetables.

Ingestion and Absorption
Vitamin C begins with ingestion, usually through consuming foods rich in this essential nutrient or via dietary supplements. Once ingested, Vitamin C is absorbed in the small intestine by active transport of Vitamin C across the intestinal epithelium into the bloodstream. This process ensures that Vitamin C is available to the body's cells and tissues.

Metabolism
Once absorbed, Vitamin C plays several pivotal roles in the body's metabolic processes. Its primary function is as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions, including those necessary for the biosynthesis of collagen, L-carnitine, and certain neurotransmitters. Collagen synthesis is crucial for maintaining skin, blood vessels, bones, and cartilage.

Vitamin C is also a potent antioxidant. It scavenges free radicals and reduces oxidative stress, which is linked to numerous diseases, including cancer and heart disease. By donating electrons, Vitamin C neutralizes free radicals, preventing them from causing cellular damage.

In addition, Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron from plant-based foods by converting non-heme iron into a form that is more readily absorbed by the body, thereby playing a critical role in preventing iron deficiency anemia.

Excretion
After fulfilling its various functions, any excess Vitamin C is processed by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Because Vitamin C is water-soluble, the body does not store it in large amounts; thus, regular intake is necessary to maintain adequate levels.

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